Pneumothorax is the collection of air outside the lungs within the pleural cavity, which is between the parietal and visceral pleura. Accumulation of air can put pressure on the lungs and lead to partial or complete collapse. What are the types of pneumothorax and their causes? There are 2 main types of pneumothorax [1]: 1. Spontaneous pneumothorax is a collapsed lung that happens without an injury. It's further divided into: 2. Primary spontaneous pneumothorax: No underlying health condit
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic condition that produces faulty protein affecting the cells and tissues of the glands that make mucus and sweat. Normal mucus is slippery and protects the airways, digestive tract, and other organs and tissues. Cystic fibrosis causes mucus to become thick and sticky. As mucus builds up, it can cause blockages, damage, or infections in affected organs. How common is CF? Nearly 40,000 children and adults in the United States — and more than 100,000 worldwide — ar
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a nonspecific diagnosis representing many conditions that involve the compression of the neurovascular structures that pass through the thoracic outlet. Thoracic outlet is a triangular space bordered by first rib, scalene muscles, and the clavicle. TOS was first reported by Rogers in 1949 and more precisely characterized by Rob and Standeven in 1958. How common is TOS? Several variants of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) exist, with neurogenic thoracic outlet s
Lung cancer happens when cells in the lung change (or mutate). Unlike normal cells, cancer cells grow uncontrollably and cluster together to form a tumor, destroying healthy lung tissue around them. Symptoms usually do not appear until cancer cells spread to other parts of the body and prevent other organs from functioning properly. At this point, it is harder to treat lung cancer. As per the American lung association, lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the U.S. [1] What are
Thoracic empyema is an infectious condition in which pus develops in pleural space. This condition was first recognized by Hippocrates and is historically associated with high mortality rates. How common is empyema? Pleural infections, including empyema and complicated parapneumonic effusion, pose a serious health risk, impacting approximately 80,000 patients annually in the United States (US) and the United Kingdom (UK). These infections carry a 30-day mortality rate reaching up to 10.5% and
Pancoast tumors (PT) are defined as tumors that invade any of the structures at the apex of the chest, including the first rib or periosteum, the lower nerve roots of the brachial plexus, the sympathetic chain near the apex of the chest, or the subclavian vessels. Pancoast tumors occur in the apical portion of the lung, representing 3%–5% of all lung cancers. Pancoast tumor is also known as a superior sulcus tumor. Histopathologically, these tumors are commonly adenocarcinomas, and less freque
Nearly half of the United States population is affected by obesity, which is significantly associated with morbidity and mortality. With recent advancements in clinical research, anti-obesity medications such as semaglutide have demonstrated a substantial reduction in weight and other comorbid clinical factors. The authors reviewed literature and found that there is a paucity of information about healthcare expenditures with long-term use of semaglutide in clinical settings with diverse populati
Pulmonary valve stenosis (PVS) is a type of heart valve disease that involves the narrowing of the pulmonary valve, which controls the flow of blood from the heart’s right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to carry blood to the lungs. During stenosis, the pulmonary valve’s flaps (also known as cusps or leaflets) are thickened, stiffened, or fused together. This narrowed opening of the valve slows or blocks the flow of blood into and through the pulmonary artery. Pulmonary stenosis can occur al
Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs when the opening between the aorta (the artery that carries oxygen-rich blood to the body) and the pulmonary artery (the artery that carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs) does not close as it should. PDA causes too much blood flow into baby`s lungs after birth, depending on the size of the hole. While in the womb, the ductus arteriosus allows blood to bypass the baby’s lungs because the mother supplies the baby with oxygenated blood through the placenta.
Lactose intolerance is one of the most common food sensitivities worldwide, affecting a significant portion of the global population. It arises from the body’s inability to properly digest lactose, the primary sugar found in milk and dairy products. While often confused with milk allergies, lactose intolerance is not an immune response but rather a digestive issue caused by the deficiency of a specific enzyme known as lactase. Understanding lactose intolerance requires exploring the biochemical
Glutins are a class of storage proteins predominantly found in cereal grains such as wheat, rice, barley, and maize. These proteins serve as a major source of nitrogen and amino acids for the developing plant embryo during germination. Glutins, along with prolamins, albumins, and globulins, are part of the larger category of seed storage proteins. Their composition, structure, and digestibility are critical for both plant development and human nutrition. Chemical Composition and Structure Glu
High blood pressure (hypertension) is often called a "silent killer" because it rarely has symptoms, but it significantly increases your risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney disease. The good news? You hold the power to bring those numbers down! Simple yet consistent changes to your diet and exercise routine can be incredibly effective, often reducing the need for medication. Here is your comprehensive guide to fighting hypertension with fork and foot. The Dietary Defense: Foods that Figh
Managing a thyroid condition, whether it's hypothyroidism (underactive) or hyperthyroidism (overactive), involves more than just medication. Your daily habits, especially what you eat and how you move, play a powerful role in supporting your thyroid function, managing symptoms, and boosting your overall well-being. Fueling Your Thyroid: The Diet Connection While there's no single "thyroid diet," focusing on a balanced, whole-food approach can help manage weight, reduce inflammation, and impro
Living with diabetes doesn't mean living a life of restriction—it means living a life of smart choices! Diet and exercise are the two most powerful tools you have to manage your blood sugar, boost your energy, and reduce your risk of complications. Here is your straightforward guide to maximizing the benefits of what you eat and how you move. The Diabetes-Friendly Diet: Fueling Your Body Wisely The goal of a diabetes diet is not to eliminate carbs, but to choose the right kind and keep porti
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped endocrine organ located at the front of the neck, just below the Adam’s apple. Despite its modest size, the thyroid plays an essential role in regulating metabolism, growth, and development throughout the body. It produces hormones that influence nearly every organ system, from the heart and brain to muscles and skin. Disruptions in thyroid function can cause a wide range of health problems, making it one of the most clinically significant glands in
Blood pressure is one of the most fundamental indicators of human health. It represents the force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the arteries, the vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood from the heart to all parts of the body. Measuring blood pressure gives doctors crucial insight into how well the heart and blood vessels are functioning. Understanding blood pressure, what it is, how it changes, and how to keep it in a healthy range is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic diseases in the world, affecting hundreds of millions of people across all age groups and backgrounds. Despite its prevalence, there are still many misconceptions about what diabetes is, how it develops, and how it can be managed. Understanding the condition is the first step toward prevention, effective treatment, and a healthier lifestyle. What Is Diabetes? Diabetes mellitus, commonly known simply as diabetes, is a metabolic disorder that occurs wh
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a cardiac anomaly that refers to a combination of four related heart defects that commonly occur together. The four defects are: * Ventricular septal defect (VSD): A hole in the wall dividing the right and left ventricles. * Overriding aorta: the aortic valve is enlarged and appears to arise from both the left and right ventricles instead of the left ventricle as in normal hearts. * Pulmonary stenosis: Narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract or area be
Bronchiectasis is a chronic lung disease that usually begins with injury to the walls of the airways from an infection or other conditions. It leads to weakening of the mucociliary transport mechanism, owing to repeated infection, contributing to bacterial invasion and mucus pooling throughout the bronchial tree. Over time, the airways become stretched out, flabby, scarred, and unable to move air in and out. Bronchiectasis usually begins in childhood, but symptoms may not appear until months or
Pulmonary emphysema, a progressive form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation resulting from airway or alveolar damage. Alveoli are small, thin-walled, fragile air sacs arranged in clusters at the end of the bronchial tubes (airways) deep inside your lungs. There are about 300 million alveoli in adult lungs. The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of
Cardiac arrest (CA) occurs when the heart suddenly and unexpectedly stops pumping. If this happens, blood stops flowing to the brain and other vital organs. What causes CA? Abnormal, rapid impulses abruptly override the normal electrical impulses responsible for a regular heartbeat. These abnormal impulses are known as arrhythmias. The most common life-threatening arrhythmia is ventricular fibrillation. This is an erratic, disorganized firing of impulses from your heart’s ventricles (lower ch
Ventricular septal defects (VSDs) are the most prevalent congenital cardiac anomaly in children and the second most common heart defect in adults, after bicuspid aortic valves. The primary mechanism of hemodynamic compromise in VSDs arises from abnormal communication between the right and left ventricles, leading to shunt formation. VSDs can be congenital or acquired, with the latter often referred to as ventricular septal rupture, which occurs spontaneously and is associated with severe ischemi
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD) is a congenital heart condition in which infants are born with a hole in the wall between the upper heart chambers. The wall that divides the upper heart chambers is called the atrial septum. What are the types of ASD? * Secundum: It is the most common type in which the hole is in the middle of the atrial septum. * Primum: This type of ASD affects the lower part of the atrial septum and maybe present with other heart problems present at birth. * Sinus Venosus: A
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest forms of cancer, often called a “silent killer” because symptoms usually appear late in the disease, making early detection difficult. With a five-year survival rate of just 13%, researchers are urgently seeking ways to identify high-risk individuals before the disease takes hold. Surprisingly, one potential clue may come from an unexpected source: the microbes living in our mouths. A recent groundbreaking study by Meng, Wu, Kwak, and colleagues, publis
Hair is often considered a symbol of health and vitality. Losing some hair daily is normal, but excessive hair fall can be distressing and may indicate underlying issues. Understanding the causes, adopting natural remedies, improving your diet, and knowing medical options can help you manage hair loss effectively. Understanding Hair Fall Hair growth follows a natural cycle consisting of three phases: 1. Anagen (growth phase): Hair grows actively for 2 to 7 years. 2. Catagen (transitional p
What Is an Ear Infection? An ear infection happens when bacteria or viruses invade parts of the ear, leading to pain, swelling, and sometimes fluid buildup. It can affect the outer ear, middle ear, or inner ear, and it’s especially common in children — but adults can get it too. Main Causes of Ear Infections The cause depends on which part of the ear is affected. Let’s break it down: 1. Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media) This is the most common type of ear infection, often following a co
A nosebleed, or epistaxis, occurs when tiny blood vessels inside your nose break and bleed. Though it can look alarming, most nosebleeds are mild and stop on their own. However, frequent or heavy nosebleeds may point to an underlying health problem that needs medical attention. Common Causes of Nosebleeding Nosebleeds can result from local factors (inside the nose) or systemic factors (affecting the entire body). Local Causes of Nosebleeding These causes are related to issues inside your n
Blood in stool can be alarming and even frightening. Many people feel immediate concern when they notice blood, but the truth is that the cause may range from something minor, like hemorrhoids, to a more serious medical condition, such as colorectal cancer. Understanding what blood in your stool could mean, when it’s a cause for concern, and what steps to take is essential for maintaining your digestive health. What Does Blood in Stool Look Like? Not all blood in stool appears the same, and t
With an increasing amount of research in cancer, 2020 statistics revealed a staggering 740,000 cases globally (4.1%) attributable to alcohol consumption, 76.7% of which were men. Alcohol consumption was ranked third in the U.S. as a modifiable cancer risk factor after cigarette smoking and excess weight. What are the carcinogenic mechanisms of alcohol (ethanol) on tissues? Acetaldehyde, a metabolite, is known to have carcinogenic effects such as: * Disrupting DNA methylation, synthesis, and
“Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food” was quoted by the well-known father of medicine, Hippocrates around 400 BC. With increasing global burden of chronic inflammatory diseases, there is increasing availability of research proving importance of diet in disease control. What is inflammation? Inflammation is a normal reaction of the body which occurs when body releases chemicals to defend itself against infection or injury. Once the infection or injury is healed, the inflammation
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is a systemic immune condition that occurs after a beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection of the pharynx. RHD is a critical form of acquired heart disease most commonly seen in children and adults of developing countries. What is the cause of RHD? Rheumatic heart disease is the result of valvular damage caused by an abnormal immune response to Streptococcus pyogenes infection, which is classified as a group A streptococcus that causes acute rheumatic fever in ch
Introduction According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there were approximately 1.4 million new cases of prostate cancer globally, out of which 0.37 million died in 2020. Also, as per the WHO in 2023, about 280 million people were living with depression. Research has revealed links between mental health issues and various types of cancers. Prostate cancer is the second most frequent cancer diagnosis made in men and 5th leading cause of death worldwide. Studies have also shown twice a
The heart pumps oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium. Then it goes to the left ventricle, which pumps the blood to the rest of the body. The left ventricle does most of the heart's pumping, so it’s larger than the other chambers. It is essential for the heart to function normally. What are the types of left-sided heart failure (LHF)? * SYSTOLIC FAILURE: The left ventricle does not contract normally, failing to pump enough blood into circulation. The ejection fraction (EF) is le
What is costochondritis? There are 12 pairs of ribs that encase the heart and lungs. Of the 12 rib pairs, the first 7 are true ribs, articulating directly with the sternum via their costal cartilages. The rest are false rib pairs, with pairs 8 to 10 attaching indirectly to the sternum via cartilage connections to the ribs above them. Pairs 11 and 12 are "floating ribs," having no sternal attachment. Costochondral junctions, where the costal cartilages articulate with the sternum, are crucial
Oxygenated blood is delivered from the lungs to the left side of the heart, which in turn pumps that blood to the rest of the body. However, the right ventricle plays a crucial role in blood oxygenation, as it is responsible for directing deoxygenated blood toward the lungs. Right heart failure (RHF) occurs when the right ventricle is unable to perform this function effectively. The most common cause of right heart failure is left ventricular failure (LVF), which increases pressure in the pulmo
What is Mitral valve stenosis? Mitral stenosis (MS) is a form of valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the mitral valve orifice. The most common cause of mitral stenosis is rheumatic fever, though the stenosis typically does not become clinically relevant until several decades later. What are the causes of mitral stenosis? The other uncommon causes of MS include: * Calcification of the mitral valve leaflets * Congenital heart disease * Infective endocarditis * Mitral
A cardiac arrhythmia is an abnormal heartbeat resulting from malfunctioning electrical impulses that govern your heartbeat. With a cardiac arrhythmia, your heart may be beating too slowly, too quickly, or irregularly. This can feel like your heart is fluttering or racing in your chest. It is normal for your heart rate to speed up during physical activity and to slow down while resting or sleeping. It is also normal to feel as if your heart skips a beat occasionally. But a frequent irregular rh
What is an aortic aneurysm? Aortic aneurysms (AA) are balloon-like bulges that occur in the aorta, the main artery carrying oxygen-rich blood to your body. Certain genetic or medical conditions can damage or weaken the thick walls of the aorta. The force of blood pushing against the weakened or injured walls can cause an aneurysm. If not treated, aneurysms can burst or rupture and can be life threatening. How common is aortic aneurysm in the USA? Aortic aneurysms or aortic dissections were
Our body needs calcium predominantly for strong bones and teeth. A small ionized pool of calcium in the circulatory system, extracellular fluid, and various tissues mediates blood vessel contraction and dilation, muscle function, blood clotting, nerve transmission, and hormonal secretion. What is the recommended daily dietary calcium intake? Healthy teenagers and adults over the age of 10 years should have 1000 – 1200 mgs of calcium everyday. Infants from 0-6 months should have a daily intake
Reports of cognitive symptoms following SARS-CoV-2 infection led to several studies investigating cognitive deficits following COVID-19 infection. As an attempt to have a more robust study design, the authored leveraged: * A multi-racial sample from USA communities of late-life adults * Longitudinal cognitive assessments including pre- and post-infection * Comprehensive confounder measurements and * Systematic SARS-CoV-2 ascertainment to examine associations between infection history and
A pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow. A blood clot that forms in a blood vessel in one area of the body, breaks off, and travels to another area of the body in the blood is called an embolus. An embolus can lodge itself in a blood vessel. This can block the blood supply to a particular organ. This blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus is called an embolis
PULMONARY HYPERTENSION Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a general diagnosis indicating high blood pressures in the lung arteries. These arteries carry oxygen-poor blood from your heart to your lungs. PH is dangerous because it disrupts the flow of blood through heart and lungs. High blood pressure in your pulmonary arteries causes these arteries to become narrow. As a result, your heart must work harder to pump oxygen-poor blood to your lungs. Over time, if left untreated, it can damage the heart
What is Sarcoidosis? Sarcoidosis is a multisystem disorder of unknown etiology characterized by noncaseating granulomas in organs. This condition mostly affects young adults and characteristically presents with reticular opacities in the lungs and bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy. Other involved sites include eyes, skin, joints, and in some cases, the reticuloendothelial system, musculoskeletal system, exocrine glands, heart, kidney, and central nervous system. How common is sarcoidosis? The
What are gall stones? Gallstones form when bile stored in the gallbladder hardens into stone-like material. Too much cholesterol, bile salts, or bilirubin (bile pigment) can cause gallstones. When gallstones are present in the gallbladder itself, it is called cholelithiasis. When gallstones are present in the bile ducts, it is called choledocholithiasis. Gallstones that obstruct bile ducts can lead to a severe or life-threatening infection of the bile ducts, pancreas, or liver. Bile ducts can
Peptic ulcer (PU) disease is characterized by discontinuation in the inner lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract because of gastric acid secretion or pepsin. It extends into the muscularis propria layer of the gastric epithelium. It usually occurs in the stomach and proximal duodenum. It may also be located in the lower esophagus, distal duodenum, or jejunum which determines the type of ulcer. How common is PU disease? Between 5% and 10% of people worldwide will develop peptic ulcer disea
What is macular degeneration? Macular degeneration (MD) is primarily an age-related retinal condition which affects central vision. This means that people with macular degeneration can’t see things directly in front of them. This common age-related eye condition which mostly occurs in people over the age of 50. There are two types of macular degeneration — wet and dry. It affects one or both eyes with different levels of severity. How common is MD? Almost 20 million U.S. adults have macular
Introduction About 90000 adolescent and young adults between ages 15 and 39 years receive new cancer diagnosis every year in the USA. Brain maturation, relationship development, education and career development are a few of the numerous milestones which develop in the AYA age group. Hence, other than facing challenges with these milestones, the AYA cancer individuals are disproportionately impacted by issues such fertility, cardiotoxicity and financial burnout. Existing literature reports up
Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Robert Koch reported his discovery of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium in 1882, and its complete genome sequence was mapped over 100 years later. Before COVID-19 pandemic, TB was the most prevalent infectious disease worldwide. What are the causes of pulmonary TB infection? People with active TB disease in the lungs or voice box can spread the disease. They release tiny droplets that carry the ba
Pott's spine, commonly known as spinal tuberculosis (TB), is an extrapulmonary form of TB caused by Mycobacterium TB. Pott’s disease starts in your lungs before it moves to your spine affecting the intervertebral disks and bony vertebrae in the spine. It is also known as Pott’s spine or tuberculosis spondylitis. How common is Pott`s disease? In 2021, 10.6 million people were infected with TB, equating to 134 cases per 100000 people. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals acco
Atopic dermatitis (AD), a specific form of eczema, is the most common chronic inflammatory skin disease. It affects both children and adults and can flare up or come and go throughout your life. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of eczema. Eczema is a term describing a group of skin conditions that result from inflammation. How common is atopic dermatitis? AD is seen in approximately 10% to 30% of children and 2% to 10% of adults in developed countries. This prevalence has increased tw
What is type 2 diabetes? Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. It may be due to impaired insulin secretion, resistance to peripheral actions of insulin, or both. Healthy blood sugar (glucose) levels are 70 to 99 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). If you have undiagnosed Type 2 diabetes (T2D), your levels are typically 126 mg/dL or higher. T2D happens because pancreas doesn’t make enough hormone called insulin, or body doesn’t use insul
Introduction The role of regular physical activity has been proven vital to reduce several health risks such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and several cancers, as well as to improve overall quality of life. Walking is the most common functional activity which can be measured objectively by counting steps. It can be a calculated prescription physical activity to enhance health and reduce all-cause mortality. Most studies in the past have largely focused on geriatric population comparing m
What is cervical cancer? Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb). The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue. Over time, if not destroyed or removed, the abnormal cells may become cancer
Exercise represents a major challenge to whole-body homeostasis and provokes widespread changes in numerous cells, tissues and organs in response to increased metabolic demand. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25417152/) How does exercise improve cholesterol? Cholesterol is an umbrella term used for different types of lipids (fat) in the blood. It is broadly divided into low density lipoprotein (LDL) i.e. the bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) i.e. the good cholesterol. High
What is Hepatitis C? Hepatitis C is a viral infection that causes inflammation that damages your liver. Acute hepatitis, if causes symptoms, may take up to 6 months to recover. When the body can’t fight off the infection, person goes into chronic hepatitis C. About 20% to 30% of people with chronic hepatitis C develop cirrhosis. Cirrhosis can lead to liver cancer or liver failure. How common is hepatitis C? Between 2 and 4 million people in the U.S. have chronic hepatitis C. As many of them d
Crohn`s disease and ulcerative colitis are distinct clinical entities collectively referred to as "inflammatory bowel disease" (IBD). Crohn`s disease is an immunologically mediated inflammatory gastrointestinal condition, with pathology involving the entire thickness of the bowel wall. How common is Crohn`s disease? Crohn`s disease is most commonly seen in North America, Northern Europe, and New Zealand with the onset occurring most frequently between ages 15 and 30 and 40 and 60. Experts est
What is Migraine? Migraine is a genetically influenced complex neurological disorder characterized by episodes of moderate-to-severe headaches, typically unilateral and frequently accompanied by nausea and heightened sensitivity to light and sound. These episodes, known as migraine attacks, can last hours to days and significantly impact daily activities and the quality of life of individuals. How are migraines classified? According to the Headache Classification Committee of the Internation
Introduction About 5-15% women of reproductive age are affected by polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) from as early as teenage years. How is PCOS diagnosed? Rotterdam criteria for polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) are defined by the presence of two out of three of the following criteria: oligo‐anovulation, hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries (≥ 12 follicles measuring 2‐9 mm in diameter and/or an ovarian volume > 10 mL in at least one ovary). Clinical presentation may include: * Acne
What is ulcerative colitis? Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an idiopathic inflammatory condition of the colon that results in diffuse friability and superficial erosions on the colonic wall and associated bleeding. It is the most common form of inflammatory bowel disease worldwide. Characteristically, it involves inflammation restricted to the mucosa and submucosa of the colon. Typically, the disease starts in the rectum and extends proximally in a continuous manner. In the United States, the diseas
What is Hashimoto`s thyroiditis? The thyroid is a small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck. Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), also known as chronic autoimmune thyroiditis or chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease that leads to the destruction of thyroid follicular cells through immune-mediated processes. As a result, large numbers of white blood cells which are part of the immune system, build up in the thyroid eventually causing fibrosis and dysfunction of the gland
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease? Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common condition in which the stomach contents move up into the esophagus. Reflux becomes a disease when it causes frequent or severe symptoms or injury. Reflux may damage the esophagus, pharynx or respiratory tract. How common is GERD? Researchers estimate that about 20 percent of people in the United States have GERD. What is GERD also commonly known as? * Acid indigestion * Acid reflux * Acid regurgi
What are hemorrhoids? Haemorrhoids (commonly known as piles), are swollen veins in the anus and lower rectum. Haemorrhoids inside the rectum are called internal haemorrhoids, and those under the skin around the anus are called external haemorrhoids. How common are haemorrhoids? An estimated 1 in 20 Americans has symptomatic haemorrhoids. They’re more common as you age, affecting more than half of people over age 50. Who can get haemorrhoids? Anyone can get haemorrhoids. People with follow
What is psoriasis? Psoriasis is a chronic (long-lasting) disease in which the immune system becomes overactive, causing skin cells to multiply too quickly. Patches of skin become scaly and inflamed, most often on the scalp, elbows, knees, palms, feet, face or nails but other parts of the body can be affected as well. Psoriasis is not a contagious condition. (https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/psoriasis#:~:text=Psoriasis%20is%20a%20chronic%20(long,can%20be%20affected%20as%20well.) What ar
What is an Athlete`s foot? Tinea pedis, also known as athlete's foot (AF), results from dermatophytes infecting the skin of the feet. Patients contract the infection by directly contacting the organism while walking barefoot. Symptoms typically develop in the interdigital clefts of the toes but can also affect the soles and medial and lateral edges. If not treated appropriately, tinea pedis can lead to significant morbidity, including cellulitis, osteomyelitis, and lymphangitis. How common is
What is cervical cancer? Cervical cancer is a growth of cells that starts in the cervix. The cervix is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb). The cervix connects the uterus to the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer usually develops slowly over time. Before cancer appears in the cervix, the cells of the cervix go through changes known as dysplasia, in which abnormal cells begin to appear in the cervical tissue. Over time, if not destroyed or removed, the abnormal cells may become cancer
With the increasing popularity of fast food and unhealthy diets, there is a rise in the prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and obesity which are all known risk factors for dementia. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines recommend weight management and a balanced diet with high plant-based intake (e.g. Mediterranean diet) to reduce the risk of dementia. AIM The aim of the research was to find if a higher quality diet and lower waist-hip ratio (WHR) throughout midlife are
What is Interstitial lung disease? Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an umbrella term used for a large group of diseases that cause scarring (fibrosis) of the lungs. ILD damages the tissues between the small air sacs in your lungs (alveoli) and the blood vessels around them. The scarring causes stiffness in the lungs which makes it difficult to breathe and get oxygen to the bloodstream. Lung damage from ILDs is often irreversible and gets worse over time. Epidemiology Interstitial lung dis
The multi-faceted benefits of walking are proven with numerous observational and interventional studies. Today globally, chronic diseases are causing increased burden on the healthcare system. Walking is one of the most convenient and cost-effective physical activities to reap plethora of health benefits and avert consequences caused by such chronic diseases. Several studies have shown that regular brisk walking can result in preventing cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, type 2 diabete
Chronic inflammatory diseases are on the rise due to underlying metabolic dysfunctions. In recent decades, much evidence supports an important role for our lifestyles in the development of inflammatory and dysmetabolic processes, such as, for example, our sleep, physical activity, and diet. Dietary fiber intake correlates with mortality and a variety of other pathologies that include cardiovascular disease, colonic health, gut motility, and risk for colorectal carcinoma. As a result, dietary f
The human body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells, nerves, and DNA, and carry out other functions. The average adult should get 2.4 micrograms of B12 a day. Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) is a water-soluble vitamin that is derived from animal products such as red meat, dairy, and eggs. Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein that is produced by parietal cells in the stomach and is necessary for the absorption of B12 in the terminal ileum. Once absorbed, B12 is used as a cofactor for enzymes that are
Definition Headache is a pain in any region of the head. Headaches may occur on one or both sides of the head, be isolated to a certain location, radiate across the head from one point, or have a viselike quality. A headache may appear as a sharp pain, a throbbing sensation or a dull ache. Headaches can develop gradually or suddenly, and may last from less than an hour to several days. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/headache/basics/definition/sym-20050800) What are the types of headach
As per the Cancer Statistics 2018, one in three Americans will be diagnosed with an invasive cancer over their lifetime. The number of cancer survivors is expected to exceed 20 million by 2026, as per the Cancer Treatment and Survivorship Statistics 2016. Decades of epidemiologic research have identified a physically active lifestyle as protective against the occurrence of some common cancers. A comprehensive review was conducted by the Department of Health and human services 2018 Physical Ac
Iron metabolism Iron is very important in maintaining many body functions, including the production of hemoglobin, the molecule in your blood that carries oxygen. Iron is also necessary to maintain healthy cells, skin, hair, and nails. Iron from the food you eat is absorbed into the body by the cells that line the gastrointestinal tract; the body only absorbs a small fraction of the iron you ingest. The iron is then released into the bloodstream, where a protein called transferrin attaches to
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is multidisciplinary and may include the physician, nurse, physical and occupational therapists, exercise physiologist, nutritionist, and social service caseworker. CR begins in the hospital and extends indefinitely into the maintenance phase. * Phase 1 – inpatient component * Phase 2 – outpatient component (exercise-training period) * Phase 3 – maintenance period Decades ago, patients with myocardial infarction (MI) were traditionally given 8 weeks of bedrest
What is a heart attack? A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is an extremely dangerous condition that happens because you don’t have enough blood flow to some of your heart muscle. This lack of blood flow can occur because of many different factors but is usually related to a blockage in one or more of your heart`s arteries. Without blood flow, the affected heart muscle will begin to die. If you don’t get blood flow back quickly, a heart attack can cause permanent heart damage and/or death.
Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) or “lupus” is a chronic disease that occurs when your body's immune system attacks your own tissues and organs (autoimmune disease). Inflammation caused by lupus can affect many different body systems — including your joints, skin, kidneys, blood cells, brain, heart and lungs. Lupus can be difficult to diagnose because its signs and symptoms often mimic those of other ailments. The most distinctive sign of lupus — a facial rash that resembles the wings of a bu
Norovirus is a group of viruses that causes severe vomiting and diarrhoea. It’s a very common illness and it’s very contagious. Norovirus outbreaks usually happen seasonally in colder months. The infection is the No. 1 cause of foodborne illness in the United States. It is also known as “Norwalk virus” as its first outbreak occurred in Norwalk, Ohio, USA, in a school in 1968. Is norovirus same as flu? Norovirus causes gastroenteritis, which some people may call the “stomach flu” The influenza
Kidney stones (also called renal calculi, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis) are hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys. They can be as small as a grain of sand or, rarely larger than a golf ball. What are the causes of kidney stone? There are different types of kidney stones. The cause of the problem depends on the type of stone. * Calcium stones are most common. They are most likely to occur in men between ages 20 to 30. Calcium stones can also form from comb
A concussion is a head injury that happens when your brain moves or twists inside your skull. Concussions are a type of traumatic brain injury. Effects are often short term and can include headaches and trouble with concentration, memory, balance, mood and sleep. A blow or a jolt to the head can cause a concussion or traumatic brain injury (TBI). An injury to another part of the body that transmits force to the head can also result in concussion. The injury may keep the brain from working norma
Lyme disease is an infection caused by the bacteria called “Borrelia burgdorferi” which spreads to humans from the bite of the deer tick. Ordinary "wood ticks" and "dog ticks" don’t carry the infection. Most Lyme disease in the northeastern United States occurs during summer or fall, when the small nymphal ticks are most prevalent. It's also common in Europe and in south central and southeastern Canada. In the United States, about 30,000 cases of Lyme disease are reported to the U.S. Centers f
Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs caused by bacteria, viruses or fungi. The air sacs may fill with fluid or pus (purulent material), causing cough with phlegm or pus, fever, chills, and difficulty breathing. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pneumonia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354204) * Lobar pneumonia affects one or more sections (lobes) of the lungs. * Bronchial pneumonia (also known as bronchopneumonia) affects patches throughout both lung
Mononucleosis is a contagious, viral infection that spreads through saliva. The infection is common among teenagers and young adults and is often referred to as “kissing disease”. Infectious mononucleosis is caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). A milder form is caused by the cytomegalovirus (CMV). Both EBV and CMV are members of the herpes virus family. The infection can also spread by sharing a glass or food utensils with someone who has mono. Symptoms can take between 4 to 6 weeks to appear
What is attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD)? ADHD is a developmental disorder characterized by an ongoing pattern of one or more of the following types of symptoms: * Inattention, such as having difficulty paying attention, keeping on task, or staying organized. * Hyperactivity, such as often moving around (including during inappropriate times), feeling restless, or talking excessively. * Impulsivity, such as interrupting, intruding on others, or having trouble waiting one’s turn
Flu, also called influenza, is a contagious infection of the nose, throat and lungs, which are part of the respiratory system. Flu is caused by a virus and people tend to often recover on their own. Flu can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can lead to death. Flu symptoms usually come on suddenly. In a typical flu season in the U.S., it’s estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 people die from the flu. Another 300,000 to 500,000 require hospitalization for serious illness. What are t
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose. Hyperglycaemia, also called raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. EPIDEMIOLOGY Approximately 37.3 million people in the Un
Injury and subsequent damage to the nerves due to raised blood sugar is termed “diabetic neuropathy” (DN). Diabetic neuropathy is a serious diabetes complication that may affect as many as 50% of people with diabetes. It is preventable and can be managed with consistent blood sugar control and a healthy lifestyle. One or more forms of following DN can co-exist in diabetics: * Numbness or reduced ability to feel pain or temperature changes. * Tingling or burning sensation. * Sharp
1 in 10 US resident has type 2 diabetes. It is estimated that that this will increase to 1 in 3 by 2050, if the current trend continues. The traditional method of caloric restriction (CR) has become increasingly difficult due to several reasons. Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a popular alternative which involves confining daily food intake to limited hours and fasting for the remaining hours. METHODOLOGY The study was a 6-month duration randomized control trial from University of Illinois,
A heart attack, also known as myocardial infarction (MI) in medical terminology, is a serious medical emergency in which the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot. A lack of blood to the heart may seriously damage the heart muscle and can be life threatening. (https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/heart-attack/) Heart attacks are very common. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 800,000 people in the United States have a heart attac
How is atherosclerosis diagnosed? Physical examination involves listening to your heart and blood flow through your arteries. Presence of a whooshing sound called a “bruit” may indicate the presence of plaque. A positive family history and unhealthy lifestyle may also add up to the hypothesis of having atherosclerosis. The following tests may help to detect atherosclerosis: * Blood tests: Blood tests can check blood sugar and cholesterol levels. High levels of blood sugar and cholesterol rais
Atherosclerosis is a type of arteriosclerosis in which there is buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls. This buildup is called “plaque”. The plaque can cause arteries to narrow, blocking blood flow. The plaque also can burst, leading to a blood clot. It can affect arteries anywhere in the body. In America, about half of people age 45 to 84 have atherosclerosis but aren’t aware of it, according to the U.S. National Institutes of Health. Diseases linked to a
Obesity is an alarmingly increasing global public health issue. Obesity is estimated to account for more than 20% of all annual health care expenditures in the United States. During the course of weight-loss, people are more than often concerned about its effect on their bone health. It is important to preserve bone mineral density to reduce the risks of fractures, while following weight loss routine. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) are used in obesity management because th
Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters, defined by the National Oceanic and atmospheric administration. They have been detected in human lungs as well as blood samples, sparking further research into their effects on human health. Why are microplastics environmental pollutants? Most plastics are known to be nonbiodegradable. Microplastics fragmenting to nano plastics to 1-1000 nm may take decades or centuries longer than natural fiber like cotton or linen to decompos
Vitamin D is an essential pre-requisite nutrient in the body for enhancing calcium absorption. It not only helps for healthy bones but also regulates many other cellular functions in the body. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties support immune health, muscle function, and brain cell activity. How much vitamin D intake is required? Birth to 12 months 10 mcg (400 IU) Children 1–13 years 15 mcg (600 IU) Teens 14–18 years 15 mcg (600 IU) Adults 19–70 years
4% of the adults in the United States of America are affected by Gout. It is one of the most common inflammatory arthritis associated with an increased co-morbidity burden, premature mortality and negative mental health outcomes. Plant-based diets are proving to be increasingly beneficial in the management of several diseases. A large-sampled prospective cohort study published recently by JAMA network open explores association between healthy or unhealthy plant-based diets and Gout. COHORT DA
TOPLINE Adhesive capsulitis is caused by the abnormal process of synovial inflammation and capsular fibrosis in the glenohumeral joint. It leads to dysfunction of daily activities with pain and stiffness in the shoulder. Various physical therapy modalities are known to alleviate symptoms such as therapeutic ultrasound, hot-packs, interferential currents, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, etc. Thermo-therapy modalities like ultrasound therapy (UST) are commonly used for ACS treatment. UST
What are the acute complications of Diabetes? * Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state: This complication mainly affects people with Type 2 diabetes. It happens when your blood sugar levels are very high (over 600 milligrams per deciliter or mg/dL) for a long period, leading to severe dehydration and confusion. It requires immediate medical treatment. * Diabetes-related ketoacidosis (DKA): This complication mainly affects people with Type 1 diabetes or undiagnosed T1D. It happens when your body doe
What is Diabetes? Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose. Hyperglycaemia, also called raised blood glucose or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels. Glucose (sugar) mainly comes from carb
OSTEOPOROSIS What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a bone disease that develops when bone mineral density and bone mass decreases, or when the structure and strength of bone changes. This can lead to a decrease in bone strength that can increase the risk of fractures (broken bones). How common is osteoporosis? More than 50 million people in the U.S. live with osteoporosis. It is common in people over 50. Experts estimate that half of all people assigned female at birth and 1 in 4 people assi
Despite effective pharmacotherapy, asthma continues to impair quality of life for most patients. Non-pharmacological approaches, including breathing retraining, are therefore of great interest to patients. A recent international guideline regarding physiotherapeutic management of adult patients having asthma recommends breathing exercises for patients to increase asthma control and quality of life. Physical training is advised to increase fitness and cardiorespiratory endurance, to decrease dysp
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA What is bronchial asthma? Bronchial asthma (BA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by bronchial hyperreactivity and a variable degree of airway obstruction. It is a condition in which your airways narrow and swell and may produce extra mucus. This can make breathing difficult and trigger coughing, a whistling sound (wheezing) when you breathe out and shortness of breath. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/asthma/symptoms-causes/syc-203
What are the clinical tests to assess instability? Aberrant movement on flexion-extension The standard examination involves documenting the range of movement. The quantitative range of movement may not be as significant as the qualitative range of movement. The important feature of spinal instability is the aberrant motion that occurs when flexing and extending the spine. A catch, a painful arc, supporting the arms on the thighs, or a reversal of the lumbopelvic rhythm when standing from the
What is core stability? The term core refers to the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex, where the center of gravity is located. The muscles that make up this complex provide a stable base from which the extremities work. The term core strength refers to the strength and endurance of the muscles of the lumbo–pelvic–hip complex, whereas stability refers to the ability to use strength and endurance in a functional manner. Function is defined as a multiplanar movement that involves acceleration, deceleratio
Shoulder subluxation is defined as partial or incomplete dislocation of the glenohumeral joint or translation between the humeral head and glenoid fossa while the humeral head is in contact with the glenoid fossa. The weakness of rotator cuff muscles or laxity of the glenohumeral ligaments causes the humeral head to slip out of the glenoid fossa easily and results in glenohumeral subluxation. What is the etiology of shoulder subluxation? The etiology can be classified as traumatic, non-traumat
TREATMENT FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS There is no cure for multiple sclerosis. Treatment typically focuses on speeding recovery from attacks, reducing new radiographic and clinical relapses, slowing the progression of the disease, and managing MS symptoms. Some people have such mild symptoms that no treatment is necessary. What is the medical management of MS? Glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, fingolimod, interferon-beta preparations, natalizumab, and mitoxantrone are some of the primary di
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and is characterized by inflammation, demyelination, gliosis, and neuronal loss. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequently seen demyelinating disease, with a prevalence that varies considerably, from high levels in North America and Europe (>100/100,000 inhabitants) to low rates in Eastern Asia and sub-Saharan Africa (2/100,000 population). Knowledge of the geographical distribution of the disease
The medications and treatments used vary depending on the type of stroke and how soon a person receives treatment after the stroke. There are also long-term treatments for stroke. These happen in the days and months after emergency treatment deals with a stroke’s immediate threat. ISCHEMIC STROKE HEMORRHAGIC STROKE Thrombolytic drugs (within three to four and half hours) Blood pressure management Thrombectomy (within 24 hours if there is no significant brain damage) Reversal of any med
The FDA has recently updated the labels for all glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists, a class of medications used for weight loss and diabetes management, with a new safety warning. This update, issued on November 5, 2024, addresses the risk of pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia or deep sedation. The affected medications include: * Semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy) * Liraglutide (Saxenda, Victoza) * Tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) New Warning Details The u
Stroke is defined as an abrupt neurological outburst caused by impaired perfusion through the blood vessels to the brain. It is important to understand the neurovascular anatomy to study the clinical manifestation of the stroke. The blood flow to the brain is managed by two internal carotids anteriorly and two vertebral arteries posteriorly (the circle of Willis). Ischemic stroke is caused by deficient blood and oxygen supply to the brain; hemorrhagic stroke is caused by bleeding or leaky blood
What are the treatments for PD? There is currently no cure for Parkinson’s, but things like medication, surgical treatment, and lifestyle changes can provide effective symptom control for a long time. (https://parkinsonseurope.org/i-have-parkinsons/treatment/) Medication for motor symptoms Parkinson’s motor symptoms are caused by a lack of the chemical dopamine in the brain. Medication to treat these symptoms works in different ways to: * Increase the amount of dopamine in the brain. * St
Parkinson`s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly the dopamine-producing (“dopaminergic”) neurons in a specific area of the brain called the substantia nigra. What are the symptoms of PD? PD symptoms can be different for everyone. Early symptoms maybe mild and go unnoticed. Symptoms often begin on one side of the body and usually remain worse on that side, even after symptoms begin to affect limbs on both sides. Parkinson`s symptoms may include: * Tremor:
What is dizziness? Healthcare providers describe dizziness as having impaired or disturbed spatial orientation. Feeling woozy, lightheaded or a need to sit down in anticipation of fall, may be associated with dizziness. Frequent or severe dizziness may affect quality of life. People experience dizziness in different ways which may include: * Feeling faint * Feeling nauseous * Feeling unsteady on their feet, as if they lost their sense of balance. * Feeling disoriented or confused (htt
The hip is a ball-and-socket joint that is inherently stable because of its bony geometry and strong ligaments, allowing it to resist significant increases in mechanical stress. Pain or discomfort felt in or around the hip region can be due to several reasons. List of hip pain causes can be the following but not limited to: * Problems in bone or cartilage: * Hip fractures: seen more commonly in geriatric population. * Infection of the bone or joints. * Osteonecrosis of the hip (due
Mpox(previously known as monkeypox) is an emerging zoonotic disease, which means it can be transmitted from animals to humans. The virus responsible for Mpox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus, the same family as the variola virus, which causes smallpox. Although it is less severe than smallpox, Mpox has gained global attention due to its potential to spread and cause outbreaks. Origins and Transmission Mpox was first identified in 1958 when two outbreaks of a pox-like disease occurred in colo
What is shortness of breath? Shortness of breath is an uncomfortable feeling of running out of air or inability to breath deeply enough and feeling “air hungry”. The medical term for this is “dyspnea”, which may occur while walking, climbing stairs, performing daily activities like cooking, cleaning or even while sitting still. Shortness of breath can come on gradually over weeks or months or happen suddenly. (https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/warning-signs-of-lung-disease/shortness-of-
According to the American Psychological Association, anxiety is an emotion characterized by feelings of tension, worried thoughts and physical changes like increased blood pressure. Anxiety is not the same as fear but the terms are often used interchangeably. Depression is a mood disorder that causes persistent feeling of sadness and loss of interest. The American Psychiatric Association`s diagnostic statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition classifies depressive disorders into:
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease (DJD), in which the tissues in the joint break down overtime. It is the most common type of arthritis and is more common in older people. The most commonly affected joints include: * Hands * Knees * Hips * Neck * Lower back For some people OA can be very mild and does not affect activities of daily living (ADL), compared to others who have severe pain and disability. Who can get Osteoarthritis? Anyone can get OA, however, it is more
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease that mostly affects joints. RA occurs when the immune system, which normally helps protect the body from infection and disease, attacks its own tissues. The disease causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in joints. Uncontrolled inflammation damages cartilage, which normally acts as a “shock absorber” in the joints. In time, this leads to bone erosion, deformation and rarely bone fusion as an effort of body t
વ્યાયામ આખા શરીરના હોમિયોસ્ટેસિસ માટે એક મોટો પડકાર છે અને મેટાબોલિક માંગમાં વધારો થવાના પ્રતિભાવમાં અસંખ્ય કોષો, પેશીઓ અને અવયવોમાં વ્યાપક ફેરફારોને ઉશ્કેરે છે. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25417152/) કસરત કોલેસ્ટ્રોલ કેવી રીતે સુધારે છે? કોલેસ્ટ્રોલ એ લોહીમાં વિવિધ પ્રકારના લિપિડ્સ (ચરબી) માટે વપરાતો એક છત્ર શબ્દ છે. તે વ્યાપકપણે લો ડેન્સિટી લિપોપ્રોટીન (LDL) એટલે કે ખરાબ કોલેસ્ટ્રોલ અને હાઈ ડેન્સિટી લિપોપ્રોટીન (HDL) એટલે કે સારા કોલેસ્ટ્રોલમાં વહેંચાયેલું છે. એલડીએલનું ઊંચું સ્તર લોહી
व्यायाम पूरे शरीर के होमियोस्टैसिस के लिए एक बड़ी चुनौती का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है और बढ़ती चयापचय मांग के जवाब में कई कोशिकाओं, ऊतकों और अंगों में व्यापक परिवर्तन को उत्तेजित करता है। (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25417152/) व्यायाम से कोलेस्ट्रॉल में सुधार कैसे होता है? कोलेस्ट्रॉल एक व्यापक शब्द है जिसका उपयोग रक्त में विभिन्न प्रकार के लिपिड (वसा) के लिए किया जाता है। इसे बड़े तौर पर कम घनत्व वाले लिपोप्रोटीन (एलडीएल) यानी खराब कोलेस्ट्रॉल और उच्च घनत्व वाले लिपोप्रोटीन (एचडीएल) यानी अच्छ
Health benefits of regular exercises Exercise represents a major challenge to whole-body homeostasis and provokes widespread changes in numerous cells, tissues and organs in response to increased metabolic demand. (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25417152/) How does exercise improve cholesterol? Cholesterol is an umbrella term used for different types of lipids (fat) in the blood. It is broadly divided into low density lipoprotein (LDL) i.e. the bad cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (
What is the definition of “life expectancy”? The World health Organization defines “life expectancy” as the average number of years that a newborn could expect to live if he/she was to pass through life exposed to the sex- and age-specific death rates prevailing at the time of his/her birth for a specific year, in a given country, territory or a geographic area (https://www.who.int/data/gho/indicator-metadata-registry/imr-details/65). Life expectancy at birth reflects the overall mortality leve
🤲 Cube Lift Exercise For relieving back pain 🤲 1. Starting Position: - Begin on your hands and knees. - Ensure palms are directly under your shoulders. - Align knees under your hips. 2. Lift Knees Off the Floor: - Lift both knees off the floor by about an inch. - Keep knees flexed throughout the movement. 3. Maintain "Cube" Position: - Hold the lifted position, forming a "cube" with your body. - Engage your core muscles by drawing your belly in. 4. Symmetrical
Tobacco smoke is incredibly harmful to health. Replacing cigarettes with cigar, pipe or hookah won`t reduce health risks posed by smoking. According to American lung association, cigarettes contain about 600 ingredients, many of which are also in cigars and hookah. When they burn, they generate more than 7,000 chemicals many of which are toxic. At least 69 of them are carcinogenic, or known to cause cancer. The centers for disease control and prevention reports more than 4,80,000 deaths per year
Various studies have led us to a convincing conclusion of links between stress and its impact on aspects of health. What is stress for the human body? In medicine, stress is defined as the body`s response to physical, mental or emotional pressure or a perceived threat. Stress causes biochemical changes in the body that can raise blood pressure, heart rate and sugar levels. It may also lead to feelings of frustration, anger, anxiety and depression. Stress can be caused by normal life activiti
Role of Magnesium in the body Magnesium is a crucial element essential for various body functions. It is utilized in metabolic processes like producing energy and building proteins. An adult body contains approximately 25 grams of magnesium of which 50-60% is present in bones and most of the rest in soft tissues (https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Magnesium-HealthProfessional/). Dietary sources of Magnesium include nuts, seeds, legumes, beans and green leafy vegetables. Studies show that peopl
Plantar fasciitis (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain. There are approximately 1 million visits annually in outpatient clinics presenting with the condition (Benjamin et al 2022). It accounts for 15% of all adult foot complaints requiring professional care and is prevalent in both athletic and non-athletic populations (Rome et al 2008). The peak incidence among the general population is between 40 to 60 years (Nahin et al 2018). Patients with limited ankle dorsiflexion, runners and worker
What is Tennis Elbow? Tennis elbow or lateral epicondylitis is a condition which commonly occurs due to pain and inflammation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis tendon. It is usually diagnosed in people between ages 30-60. (https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/lateral-epicondylitis-tennis-elbow) What are the causes of TE? Despite its name, most people who don`t play tennis get TE. The condition usually develops over time and is often linked to repetitive movemen
What is carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is one of the most common hand and wrist condition which is caused by pressure on the median nerve in the carpal tunnel of the wrist. The carpal tunnel is a narrow passageway surrounded by bones and ligaments on the palm side of the wrist. When the median nerve is compressed, symptoms can include numbness, tingling and weakness of the hands and fingers. (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/carpal-tunnel-syndrome/symptoms-ca
What is DeQuervain`s Tenosynovitis? DeQuervain`s tenosynovitis (DT) manifests as thickening and myxoid degeneration of tendon sheaths, specifically affecting the abductor pollicis longus (APL) and extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) tendons as they traverse through the fibro-osseous tunnel situated along the radial styloid at the distal wrist. Patients with this condition often experience exacerbated pain during thumb and wrists movements especially with radial or ulnar deviation at the wrist. DeQue
What is Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)? AS is a type of auto-immune disease that causes arthritis in the spine usually starting from lower back and spreading all the way to the neck and sometimes peripheral joints. “Ankylosis” means fused joints or other hard tissue. “Spondylitis” means inflammation of the spinal joints or vertebrae. It is a life-long condition and in severe cases it can cause a permanent hunched spine. What are the common symptoms of AS? * Lower back and/or hip pain and stiff
What is Gout? Gout is a type of inflammatory arthritis that causes pain and swelling in joints. It usually last for a week or two in the big toe or knee, and then resolve. Gout happens when high levels of uric acid builds up in the body over a period of time which can then form needle-shaped crystals around the joint. Areas of body which can get affected by gout are joints, bursa, tendon sheaths and kidneys. (https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/gout) What causes gout? A build up of exce
Cervical Spondylosis is often referred to as the arthritis of the neck, which includes general wear and tear that affects the cervical spine. “Cervical” refers to the seven stacked vertebral bones in the neck region. “Spondylosis” is when parts of the spine begin to wear out which is often age-related. The condition is also commonly known as “osteoarthritis” of the neck. Cervical spondylosis (CS) is a natural consequence of aging and often appears when people are in their 30s. By 60, nine out
Whiplash can be defined as “an acceleration–deceleration mechanism of energy transfer to the neck. It may result from rear-end or side-impact motor vehicle collisions, but can also occur during diving or other mishaps. The impact may result in bony or soft-tissue injuries (whiplash-injury), which in turn may lead to a variety of clinical manifestations called Whiplash-Associated Disorders” (WAD). What is the classification of WAD? The Quebec Task Force classifies patients with whiplash, based
CERVICOGENIC HEADACHE What is cervicogenic headache (CGH)? A cervicogenic headache presents as unilateral pain that starts in the neck and is referred from bony structures or soft tissues in the cervical spine. It is a common chronic and recurrent headache that usually starts after neck movement. It is usually accompanied by reduced range of movement of the neck. It could be often confused with migraine, tension headache or other primary headache syndromes. Diagnostic criteria must include all
Forward head posture (FHP) is one of the most common cervical postural deviations and is characterized by head protrusion or forward head placement in relation to the shoulder in the sagittal plane. Sustained FHP is associated with an imbalance in muscles around the cervical spine, such as the shortened (or tightened) upper trapezius (TPZ), sternocleidomastoid (SCM), levator scapulae, suboccipital muscles, and lengthened (or weakened) deep neck flexor muscles. FHP is associated with various dis
Epidemiology Plantar fasciitis (PF) is the most common cause of heel pain. There are approximately 1 million visits annually in outpatient clinics presenting with the condition (Benjamin et al 2022). It accounts for 15% of all adult foot complaints requiring professional care and is prevalent in both athletic and non-athletic populations (Rome et al 2008). The peak incidence among the general population is between 40 to 60 years (Nahin et al 2018). Patients with limited ankle dorsiflexion, runn
Lower back pain affects 60-85% of adults during some point in their lives (Anderson et al 1999). About 90% of those recover within 6 weeks with mild and transient symptoms (Dillane J et al 1966). In United States, incidence of low back pain is 3% in 20-29 aged people and it rises to >80% in 40 years or over population. The term Spondylosis has been utilized in literature in many different contexts such as arthrosis, spondylitis, osteoarthritis and hypertrophic arthritis (Middleton & Fish 2009).
Commonly known as frozen shoulder, Adhesive capsulitis of shoulder is an inflammatory condition characterized by shoulder pain, stiffness and loss of active and passive range of movements (St Angelo et al 2023). It affects 5.3% of population with the average duration of 1 to 3.5 years (Ryan et al 2016). The mean age of symptom occurrence has been found to be 55 years and the prevalence is slightly more in females. Etiology Primary adhesive capsulitis is idiopathic and has gradual onset. It is
Osteoarthritis of the knee Epidemiology One in four persons over the age of 18 report of chronic joint pain in at least one joint. Knee is the most frequent site (17%). Knee Osteoarthritis (OA) is the major cause of disability in elderly. The pooled global prevalence of OA was 16.0% in people aged 15 years and over, and 22.9% in people aged 40 years and over (Cui et al 2020). Women are more predisposed than men to having OA. Estimated cost of total knee arthroplasty is $11 billion per year (Lo
