Brucella Canis Cases Nearly Double in the UK: 5 Warning Signs Every Dog Owner Should Know

Brucella canis cases are rising in the UK, with infections nearly doubling. Discover the five warning signs in dogs, human symptoms and how to protect your family.

Brucella Canis Cases Rise Across the UK as Vets Issue Warning to Dog Owners

Dog owners across the UK are being urged to pay closer attention to their pets following a significant increase in cases of Brucella canis, a bacterial infection that affects dogs and can also pose a risk to humans.

The number of reported infections has almost doubled compared with the same period last year, prompting renewed warnings from veterinary professionals about the importance of recognising potential symptoms and seeking advice early.

Figures from the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) show that 164 individual cases were recorded between April and June 2026. This compares with 87 cases during the corresponding period in 2025.

The increase has raised concerns about the spread of canine brucellosis, particularly among dogs that have been imported into Britain or have come into contact with infected animals.

Although the infection is not considered a widespread threat to the general public, experts are encouraging owners to understand how it spreads, what symptoms to look for and when to seek professional help.

What Is Brucella Canis?

Brucella canis, commonly shortened to B. canis, is a type of bacteria responsible for causing canine brucellosis.

The infection primarily affects a dog's reproductive system and can lead to serious complications, including infertility, pregnancy loss and other reproductive problems.

The bacteria have been associated with imported dogs, particularly those arriving in the UK from parts of Eastern Europe.

According to information from veterinary and animal health authorities, reported UK infections have involved imported dogs, animals that have mated with or had contact with imported dogs, and puppies born to imported mothers.

One reason the infection is concerning is that dogs may carry the bacteria without displaying obvious signs of illness. This can make identifying and controlling the disease more difficult.

Five Brucella Canis Symptoms Dog Owners Should Watch For

Recognising possible signs of Brucella canis is important, particularly if your dog has an overseas history or has been in contact with an animal that may be infected.

Here are five warning signs owners should know about.

1. Miscarriage or Stillbirth in Female Dogs

One of the most concerning symptoms is pregnancy loss.

Female dogs infected with Brucella canis may experience miscarriages, stillbirths or difficulties carrying puppies to full term.

In some cases, the infection can affect reproductive health even when other obvious signs of illness are absent.

Any unexpected pregnancy complications should be discussed with a veterinary professional.

2. Difficulty Breeding

Problems with fertility can also indicate a possible infection.

Female dogs may experience reproductive difficulties, while infected male dogs can develop problems affecting their ability to reproduce.

If a dog that has previously bred successfully suddenly experiences unexplained fertility problems, a veterinary examination may be advisable.

3. Swollen or Painful Testicles

Male dogs infected with Brucella canis may develop inflammation involving the testicles.

Owners might notice swelling, tenderness or discomfort around the affected area.

Changes in appearance or behaviour, including excessive licking or reluctance to move comfortably, should not be ignored.

A vet can assess the symptoms and determine whether further testing is needed.

4. Lameness or Back Pain

Although Brucella canis mainly affects the reproductive system, it can also cause problems involving the bones and joints.

Some infected dogs develop lameness, stiffness or discomfort in their backs.

Owners may notice their pets struggling to get up, walking differently or showing less enthusiasm for activities they previously enjoyed.

Persistent mobility problems should always be investigated rather than dismissed as normal ageing.

5. Tiredness or Swollen Lymph Nodes

Changes in a dog's general health can provide another warning sign.

Some animals develop lethargy, appear unusually tired or show swelling of their lymph nodes.

These symptoms are not exclusive to Brucella canis and can occur with many other illnesses. However, they should be taken seriously, particularly when combined with reproductive problems or a known history of exposure.

Can Brucella Canis Spread From Dogs to Humans?

Yes. Brucella canis is a zoonotic infection, meaning it has the potential to pass from animals to people.

Human infections are considered uncommon, but certain individuals may face a greater risk because of their work or regular contact with dogs.

Veterinary professionals, breeders and people handling infected animals may be more likely to encounter the bacteria.

Transmission can occur through contact with infected reproductive fluids, tissues and other potentially contaminated materials. Exposure through broken skin or mucous membranes is a particular concern.

The infection is not generally considered to spread easily between people.

Human symptoms can include:

• Fever and episodes of sweating.
• Persistent headaches.
• Unusual tiredness and fatigue.
• Joint pain and back discomfort.
• Reduced appetite and unexplained weight loss.

Anyone who believes they may have been exposed to an infected dog should seek medical advice, even if symptoms are mild or have not yet developed.

In the UK, people can contact their GP or NHS 111 for guidance.

Who Is Most at Risk?

Although anyone can potentially become infected following exposure, certain groups need to take additional care.

People who work in veterinary practices, animal breeding facilities and dog rescue organisations may have increased opportunities for contact with infected animals.

Households with pregnant women, young children or individuals with weakened immune systems should also take additional precautions if a dog tests positive.

This does not mean families need to panic or automatically separate themselves from their pets. Instead, they should follow veterinary and public health advice regarding safe handling, cleaning and limiting exposure to potentially infectious materials.

What Should You Do If You Suspect Your Dog Has Brucella Canis?

If you notice any unusual reproductive problems, persistent tiredness, joint discomfort or other concerning symptoms, arrange an appointment with your vet.

Make sure you mention whether your dog was imported, came from an overseas rescue organisation or has recently been in contact with imported dogs.

Your vet can assess the animal and advise whether Brucella canis testing is appropriate.

If infection is confirmed, follow the instructions provided by your veterinary professional and the relevant public health authorities.

Owners should avoid breeding an affected dog and take care when handling reproductive fluids, birth materials or other potentially infectious substances.

It is also important not to attempt to diagnose or treat the infection without professional guidance.

Why Is Brucella Canis Difficult to Control in Dogs?

One of the challenges associated with canine brucellosis is that there is no reliably curative treatment for infected dogs.

While antibiotics may be used in some circumstances, treatment does not necessarily eliminate the bacteria completely. Infected animals can remain a source of infection even after their symptoms improve.

Veterinary management therefore depends on the individual circumstances and the risk of further transmission.

Measures may include neutering, preventing breeding, strict infection-control procedures and, in particularly serious situations, euthanasia.

These decisions are difficult for owners, which makes prevention, responsible importing and early veterinary advice especially important.

How Can Dog Owners Help Reduce the Risk?

Although Brucella canis is a serious infection, there are practical steps owners can take to reduce potential exposure.

Consider the following precautions:

• Research the background and health history of any dog you intend to adopt or purchase from overseas.
• Ask reputable breeders and rescue organisations about appropriate health screening.
• Discuss Brucella canis testing with your vet if your dog has an overseas history or possible exposure.
• Avoid allowing dogs with suspected infections to mate.
• Practise good hygiene when handling animal waste, reproductive fluids or birth materials.
• Wear appropriate protective equipment when advised by veterinary professionals.
• Seek veterinary advice if your pet develops unexplained reproductive or mobility problems.

Responsible dog ownership includes understanding potential infectious diseases and knowing when professional support is needed.

Final Thoughts: Why Awareness of Brucella Canis Matters

The near doubling of reported Brucella canis cases in the UK is a reminder that infectious diseases affecting animals can sometimes have consequences for human health too.

While the infection remains relatively uncommon, dog owners should be aware of its potential warning signs, particularly if their pets have been imported or exposed to dogs from overseas.

Knowing the five key symptoms, understanding how transmission occurs and seeking veterinary advice when something seems wrong can all help reduce the risk of further spread.

Most importantly, owners should not panic. Being informed, taking sensible precautions and working closely with veterinary professionals are the best ways to protect both pets and the people who care for them.